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DNA Microarray and Bioinformatics Technologies: A mini-review
Asmaa Missoum*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, Volume 2, Article Number 02010
Published Online: 6 August 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802010
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Abstract
This bibliographic review gives a concise overview of how DNA microarrays became one of the most important recent technologies. In brief, DNA sequences acting as probes are fixed on tiny slides in arrays to identify the presence of tagged fluorescently nucleic acids from a certain sample. The nucleic acids having complementary sequences with probes will hybridize on the array slides and because they are labeled, they are detected easily using specialized scanner and software. According to the way DNA microarrays are manufactured, there are three main types including spotted arrays, in situ synthesized arrays, and self-assembled arrays. Bioinformatics, which is the use of mathematical and computational methods, plays a crucial role in this technology as it is used for designing specific primers and probes suitable for each sample that is investigated. Moreover, although DNA microarrays are widely used to determine gene expression levels, they are also used in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. For this application itself, more than one approach can be used including allele discrimination using hybridization, array primer extension assay (APEX), and Illumina infinium assay. The APEX approach was discussed in more detail as it was found that to be useful in screening for inherited genetic diseases such as Stargardt disease. Finally, this review was ended with short discussion of some DNA microarray limitations arising hybridization kinetics as well as difficulties in designing arrays for highly variable genomes.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Asmaa Missoum, DNA Microarray and Bioinformatics Technologies: A mini-review , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02010. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802010
History
Received: 10 July 2018, Accepted: 3 August 2018, Published Online: 6 August 2018
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Low sugar diet: a new tool in war against tumorogenesis
Nupur Rani Agarwal,1* Nancy Maurya2*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, Volume 2, Article Number 02009
Published Online: 26 June 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802009
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Abstract
Cancer is a metabolic disease. Their typical characteristic is high consumption of glucose as these cells mostly have defective mitochondria. They primarily derive energy through aerobic glycolysis even in presence of abundant oxygen. Cancer cells thus are heavily dependent on ample and continuous availability of glucose for growth, proliferation and invasion. These cells adopt various strategies to satisfy their high demand for sugar which includes modification in signalling pathways and abnormally high expression of glucose transporters. Glucose uptake is favoured by alteration in PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. High glucose condition creates conducive environment for cancer cells to flourish. The H+ ion secreted as by-product of glycolysis helps in invasion and metastasis. Other by products of glycolysis which includes ATP, NADP and NADPH also aids in growth of cancer cells. Glucose restriction puts break on speedy multiplying tumor cells as unlike normal cells of the body they are unable to metabolize any other source of fuel. Lower glucose level induces changes in level of cleaved caspase 3, Bcl-2, p53 and p21 which prompts senescence and apoptosis in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. Various strategies can be employed to cut down glucose accessibility to cancer cells such as inhibition of glucose transporters, adoption of keto diet. Combining glucose restriction with either chemo or radiotherapy increases their effectiveness; lower CHO levels also provide protection to normal healthy cells of the body against toxic effect of anti-carcinogens. Carbohydrate restriction is a non- toxic, easily impeccable, economical and safe tactic which may be utilized as weapon in war against cancer.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Nupur Rani Agarwal, Nancy Maura, Low Sugar Diet: A New Tool in War Against Tumorigenesis, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02009. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802009
History
Received: 26 April 2018, Accepted: 25 June 2018, Published Online: 26 June 2018
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Sol-gel process applications: A mini-review
Amir Dehghanghadikolaei,1* Jamal Ansary,2 Reza Ghoreishi3
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02008, 2018
Published Online: 13 June 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802008
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Abstract
Sol-gel process is categorized as a well-known and reliable coating process. The useful characteristics of this method are composition selection, easy to coat complex mechanical parts, geometries, homogeneity of the coating layer and easiness of the process. To this end, the process has been implemented in many applications from powder industry to electronics. However, compared with coating techniques, this method suffers from slow process speed and inherent cracks in the body of solidified gel. This process is meant to provide a coating layer that acts as a protective barrier on the surface of the materials such as optic applications. However, there are many other uses such as sensing applications and powder making that might be unknown or not studied thoroughly. In this study, after a brief explanation of the process, some of the most important applications are reviewed.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Amir Dehghanghadikolaei, Jamal Ansary, Reza Ghoreishi, Sol-gel process applications: A mini-review , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02008. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802008
History
Received: 14 May 2018, Accepted: 8 June 2018, Published Online: 13 June 2018
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Behavioral Alterations of Supraphysiological Doses of Androgenic Anabolic Steroids – A mini review
Selakovic Dragica, Joksimovic Jovana, Rosic Gvozden*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02007, 2018
Published Online: 8 June 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802007
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Abstract
Literature data offers evidence that AASs abuse is accompanied with psychiatric manifestations, as well as with different behavioral alterations from mild type, which are social acceptable, to uncontrolled and impulsive behavior with expression of aggression, anxiety, hypomania, and also manic episodes. Numerous investigations were performed on animal experimental models in order to make an insight to mechanisms underlying mechanisms for AASs impact on behavioral alterations. The absolute majority of literature sources declared the anxiogenic effect of AASs when applied in supraphysiological doses. The increased anxiety levels following AASs treatment seems to be a consequence of changes in various neuroregulatory systems (gabaergic, dopaminergic, etc.), as well as alterations in sex hormones receptors in specific brain regions, including hippocampus. Supraphysiological doses of AASs also affect mood by means of increased depressiveness. The prodepressant action of AASs is usually accompanied with significant reduction of growth factors (NGF, BDNF) release with consequent effects on neuromodulatory systems (gabaergic, dopaminergic) in rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. When applied in supraphysiological dose AAS significantly affected the quality of cognitive abilities, manifested as significant decline in spatial learning and memory. The negative impact of AASs on cognitive functions was attributed to significant alterations in acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate and serotonin levels in specific brain regions, responsible for regulation of learning and memory.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Selakovic Dragica, Joksimovic Jovana, Rosic Gvozden, Behavioral Alterations of Supraphysiological Doses of Androgenic Anabolic Steroids – A mini review , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02007. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802007
History
Received: 12 April 2018, Accepted: 31 May 2018, Published Online: 8 June 2018
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Neuro-pathological Implications of β-Amyloid Protein: An Update
Nancy Maurya,1* Nupur Rani Agarwal2*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02006, 2018
Published Online: 6 June 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802006
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Abstract
β-Amyloid protein has been extensively and mostly exclusively associated with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) since past many years. Its relation to other neuro-pathologies is still elusive. The present work begins with the review of AD connection of β-Amyloid protein and further looks at various studies that establish its role in other neuro-pathological disorders like glaucoma and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). It further searches for the possibility of its involvement in neuroblastoma and brain tumors. Only recent and/or context relevant studies have been included.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Nancy Maurya, Nupur Rani Agarwal, Neuro-pathological Implications of β-Amyloid Protein: An Update, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02006. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802006
History
Received: 12 May 2018, Accepted: 31 May 2018, Published Online: 6 June 2018
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Psychological Stress and Asthma: A Mini-review of Neuroendocrine -Immune Responses and the Mediation of Neuropeptide Y
Yanxia Lu,1,2* Tze Pin Ng,3 Anis Larbi2,4
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02005, 2018
Published Online: 28 May 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802005
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Abstract
The prevalence of asthma morbidity and mortality has increased significantly in recent decades, concurrently with increasing mental health problems worldwide. Asthma has long been considered as an archetypal psychosomatic disease. However, evidence supporting the link between psychosocial stress and asthma is just emerging. The stress-asthma link is supported by evidence that chronic stress suppresses hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity and its anti-inflammatory effect, resulting in blunted HPA axis responsiveness seen in asthma patients. However, marked inter-individual variability in responses to stress exists. Some are more vulnerable than others to the effects of stress in terms of asthma risks and morbidity. Recent studies suggest the main contribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in modulating HPA-axis responsiveness and explaining inter-individual variation in resilience to stress and asthma in animal models and clinical samples. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of NPY and its receptors (Y1 and Y5) is determined in the airways of asthmatic mice. Peripheral NPY concentration and the genetic variation in the NPY gene has been investigated in asthma in multiple studies. Studies have attempted to explain the underlying mechanisms of the "neuroimmune" crosstalk as a contributor to the development of the airway inflammation and asthma. Such a psychoneuro-immunological perspective in asthma research represents a new psychosomatic approach in pharmacological therapy of asthma, and may open the door for future potential use of NPY agonists in treating asthma. Future brain imaging research using specific NPY-receptor ligands is required to better understand the relationship between central release of NPY and asthma.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Yanxia Lu, Tze Pin Ng, Anis Larbi, Psychological Stress and Asthma: A Mini-reivew of the Neuroendocrine -Immune Responses and the Mediation of Neuropeptide Y , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02005. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802005
History
Received: 05 March 2018, Accepted: 21 May 2018, Published Online: 28 May 2018
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A Review on Tailoring PEDOT:PSS Layer for Improved Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Khan Mamun Reza, Sally Mabrouk, Qiquan Qiao*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02004, 2018
Published Online: 30 March 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802004
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Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most commonly used hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted (p-i-n) structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to remarkable transparency and conductivity. Despite high transparency and conductivity, PEDOT:PSS has some concealed problems such as acidity, hygroscopic nature, lower work function than the ionization potential of perovskite, and poor electron blocking capability. All these properties hinder the efficient charge extraction and transport from perovskite absorber to ITO. In addition, acidic and hygroscopic nature of PEDOT:PSS can corrode the ITO electrode and degrade the moisture sensitive PSK layer, respectively. These can degrade the long-term stability and lower the performance of PSCs. Therefore, tailoring PEDOT:PSS HTL is essential for achieving highly efficient PSCs to mitigate these drawbacks. This review article gives an overview of approaches tailoring PEDOT:PSS that can minimize the limitations as HTL to improve the performance of PSCs. These include solvent treatment, composite structure, doping, and bi-layer structure PEDOT:PSS. In addition, the roles of tailored PEDOT:PSS HTL was understood in perovskite solar cells.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Khan Mamun Reza, Sally Mabrouk, Qiquan Qiao, A Review on Tailoring PEDOT:PSS Layer for Improved Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02004. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802004
History
Received: 15 March 2018, Accepted: 29 March 2018, Published Online: 30 March 2018
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Synthesis and potential applications of nanoporous graphene: A review
Xin Wu,1* Fengwen Mu,2 Haiyan Zhao3
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02003, 2018
Published Online: 05 February 2018 (Review)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201802003
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Abstract
Nanoporous structures exhibit great application potential in the biosensing, energy storage and other nanoelectronics. As a newly discovered 2D material with extraordinary properties, graphene presents the ability to hold a nanoporous structure which could overcome the inherent shortages for most of the existing nanoporous materials. While how to efficiently synthesize the nanoporous structures in graphene and how to further expand the applications of nanoporous graphene (NPG) are still big challenges. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advancements related to the synthesis and potential applications of NPGs. By analyzing the different approaches to fabricate the NPGs, and the research trends for the application realization of NPG, we aim at stimulating further research on this subject.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Xin Wu, Fengwen Mu, Haiyan Zhao, Synthesis and potential applications of nanoporous graphene: A review , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2018, 2, 02003. doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802003
History
Received: 09 January 2018, Accepted: 02 February 2018, Published Online: 05 February 2018
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Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) Gas Separation Membranes: A mini Review
Canghai Ma, Jeffrey J. Urban*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02002, 2018
Published Online: 22 January 2018 (Review)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802002
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Abstract
Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) are broadly recognized as a potential next generation membrane material for gas separations due to their ultra-permeable characteristics. This mini review aims to provide an overview of these materials and capture its very essence, from chemistry to applications. PIMs-based gas separation membranes are divided into three main categories, i.e., neat PIMs, polymer blend PIMs, and mixed matrix PIMs membranes. This review covers a wide spectrum of PIMs with their gas diffusion mechanisms and separation performance, all of which are examined in detail. Core challenges and opportunities of PIMs membrane technology are reviewed, and this article concludes with future perspectives on PIMs. This mini review establishes a comprehensive understanding of the key technological competence and barriers of PIMs for next-generation gas separations membranes.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Canghai Ma, Jeffrey J. Urban, Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) Gas Separation Membranes: A mini Review , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2, 02002 (2018). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802002
History
Received: 11 January 2018, Accepted: 19 January 2018, Published Online: 22 January 2018
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An analysis on Cancer Nanotherapy: does Nanotechnology have a delivery problem?
João Conde1,2*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 2, Article Number 02001, 2018
Published Online: 01 January 2018 (Commentary)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802001
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Abstract
To date, most of the Nanotechnology research has relied on the systemic delivery despite the low delivery efficiencies and benefits of the local and sustained delivery platforms. This prompt researchers to call the status quo treatment regimen into question and ask: Does Cancer Nanotechnology have a delivery problem? Nanotechnology can certainly deliver, but we need more efficient and sustained drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy.
How to Cite
Citation Information: João Conde, An analysis on Cancer Nanotherapy: does Nanotechnology have a delivery problem, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 2, 02001 (2018). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201802001
History
Received: 15 September 2017, Accepted: 15 December 2017, Published Online: 01 January 2018
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Hysteresis of Transfer Characteristics in Field-Effect Transistors with a Molybdenum Disulfide Channel
Yoshihiro Shimazu*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 1, Article Number 01008, 2017
Published Online: 27 October 2017 (Article)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701008
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Abstract
Recent studies on single- and multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) devices have revealed their promising characteristics as novel semiconductor devices. Here, we report the effects of environmental gases on the hysteresis in the transfer characteristics and observation of an anomalously large hysteresis below 1K for back-gated multilayered MoS2 field-effect transistors. Comparisons between different gases (oxygen, nitrogen, air, and nitrogen with varying relative humidities) revealed that water molecules acting as charge-trapping (dominantly hole-trapping) centers are the main cause of hysteresis. While the hysteresis persisted even after pumping out the environmental gas for longer than 24 h at room temperature, it disappeared when the device was cooled to 240 K, suggesting a considerable increase in the time constant of the charge trapping/detrapping at these modestly low temperatures. Below 1 K, we observed for the first time an anomalously large hysteresis, which is not attributed to charge trapping. We hypothesize that this hysteresis results from the slow injection of electrons via quantum tunneling through the Schottky barrier at the contacts. The size of the hysteresis increased with increase in the scan rate of the gate voltage, which is consistent with the possibility of very slow injection of electrons.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Yoshihiro Shimazu, Hysteresis of Transfer Characteristics in Field-Effect Transistors with a Molybdenum Disulfide Channel, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 1, 01008 (2017). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701008
History
Received: 26 May 2017, Accepted: 23 August 2017, Published Online: 27 October 2017
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Synergistic effect of MoS2/TiO2 heterostructures with enhanced photo- and electro-catalytic performance
Lixiu Guan,1 Guifeng Chen,2 Xiaolin Song,2 Hong Wang,2 Junguang Tao2*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 1, Article Number 01007, 2017
Published Online: 26 October 2017 (Article)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701007
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Abstract
Herein, different MoS2/TiO2 heterostructures are prepared with appropriate interface modifications. Electronic structure analysis shows that type II band alignments are realized at the interface, which efficiently drives the photo-excited charge to separate. Moreover, the band offsets can be delicately controlled by surface states with significant effect on their photocatalytic performance. In addition, the synergistic effect between MoS2 and TiO2 enhances the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of their hybrids which is tunable via interface engineering. The observed Tafel slop of 66.9 mV/dec for MoS2/TiO2-H complexes suggests the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism. The enhanced activities was attributed to the abundant active sites at the interfaces as well as the improved charge transfer efficiency.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Lixiu Guan, Guifeng Chen, Xiaolin Song, Hong Wang, Junguang Tao, Synergistic effect of MoS2/TiO2 heterostructures with enhanced photo- and electro-catalytic performance , Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 1, 01007 (2017). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701007
History
Received: 15 May 2017, Accepted: 19 October 2017, Published Online: 26 October 2017
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Porous WO3 with Hierarchical Structure on FTO Substrates: Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance
Changlong Chen,* Liuyuan Han, Ranran Lu, Qinglong Liu
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 1, Article Number 01006, 2017
Published Online: 16 October 2017 (Article)
DOI:10.11605/j.pnrs.201701006
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Abstract
WO3 is a type of oxide semiconductor material with bandgap of 2.5-2.8 eV and is considered a promising stuff that can be used in solar light-driven photocatalytic applications. In this work, WO3·0.33H2O films on fluorine doped tin oxide substrates were firstly deposited hydrothermally and then were annealed at 500°C to form WO3. The as-prepared WO3 films possess a hierarchical structure: short WO3 nanorods are assembled into large clusters in a radial form and the large clusters are distributed uniformly on the substrate to form the films. By employing photoelectrochemical etching technique, the WO3 nanorods were further treated to be nanopore-rich structure. When used as photoanodes, the porous WO3 films showed much enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance in comparison with the non-etched WO3 films: under the illumination of simulated solar light and without using any oxygen evolution co-catalysts, the photocurrent increased from 0.06 mA/cm2 to 0.23 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and the overpotential decreased from 1.0 V to 0.8 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Such porous WO3 hierarchical nanostructures on conductive substrates based on simple hydrothermal deposition and photoelectrochemical etching are envisioned to provide valuable platforms for other solar-light-driven photocatalytic applications.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Changlong Chen, Liuyuan Han, Ranran Lu, Qinglong Liu, Porous WO3 with Hierarchical Structure on FTO Substrates: Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 1, 01006 (2017). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701006
History
Received: 26 May 2017, Accepted: 10 October 2017, Published Online: 16 October 2017
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A split-ring-resonator-based polarization-insensitive ultra broadband filter in terahertz range
Mei Zhu*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 1, Article Number 01005, 2017
Published Online: 13 October 2017 (Article)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701005
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Abstract
Split-ring-resonators (SRRs) are one of the most common unit cell designs for metamaterials. Though extensively studied and well understood, such devices are often used as narrow-band filters due to SRRs' sharp resonance to electromagnetic wave. In this work, based on the idea of patterning metal SRRs on both sides of a dielectric substrate while rotating patterns on one side 90o to the other, we show that simple circular SRR can be a building block for broadband filters in terahertz (THz) range. The design principle is detailed with simulation results, showing that such fabricated devices essentially equates to two narrow-band filters on both sides of the substrate connected in series. By changing the unit cell from single SRR to double SRR, we effectively expanded the stop band width of the broadband filter. Devices were created on two types of substrates, 1 mm thick quartz and 100 µm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET), demonstrating the ease and wide applicability of the fabrication process, while a bandwidth of as large as 1.40 THz has been achieved.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Mei Zhu, A split-ring-resonator-based polarization-insensitive ultra broadband filter in terahertz range, Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 1, 01005 (2017). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701005
History
Received: 01 June 2017, Accepted: 10 October 2017, Published Online: 13 October 2017
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H2-evolving SWCNT Photocatalysts for Effective Use of Solar Energy
Kiki Kurniawan, Noritake Murakami, Yuto Tango, Takumi Izawa, Kakeru Nishikawa, Ken Watanabe, Hideaki Miyake, Tomoyuki Tajima, Yutaka Takaguchi*
Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, Volume 1, Article Number 01004, 2017
Published Online: 09 October 2017 (Article)
DOI: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701004
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Abstract
Effective hydrogen evolution from water using SWCNT photocatalyst under near-infrared (NIR) light illumination was demonstrated. H2 evolution reactions of 1.2 and 0.40 mmol/h were observed upon chirality-selective photoexcitation by the use of monochromatic light irradiation at 680 and 1000 nm, which are the E22 and E11 absorptions of (8,3) SWCNT, respectively, by the use of SWCNT/fullerodendron photosensitizer in the presence of a sacrifice donor, an electron relay, and a co-catalyst. Apparent quantum yields of this reaction were 0.17 (at 680 nm) and 0.073 (at 1000 nm), respectively. The result provides the first example of photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction triggered by E11 photoexcitation of SWCNTs, and clearly shows the usefulness of SWCNTs in the light absorber for NIR light, which is the second main component of solar radiation.
How to Cite
Citation Information: Kiki Kurniawan, Noritake Murakami, Yuto Tango, Takumi Izawa, Kakeru Nishikawa, Ken Watanabe, Hideaki Miyake, Tomoyuki Tajima, Yutaka Takaguchi. H2-evolving SWCNT Photocatalysts for Effective Use of Solar Energy. Proceedings of the Nature Research Society, 1, 01004 (2017). doi: 10.11605/j.pnrs.201701004
History
Received: 31 May 2017, Accepted: 20 June 2017, Published Online: 09 October 2017
![Figure 1. A summary of the DNA microarray protocol where the cDNA of the control sample (Healthy tissue) is labelled using green dye Cy3 and the experimental sample (Diseased tissue) is labelled using red dye Cy5 [4].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02010/images/figure1_opt.jpg)
![Figure 2. Microarray scanner that excites dyes incorporated into hybridised molecules on the microarray surface. The fluorescence of the dye is measured by a PMT and then converted to a digital signal [1].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02010/images/figure2_opt.jpg)
![Figure 3. An illustrated summary of self-assembled microarray technology protocol. This is also known as bead based microarrays [2].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02010/images/figure3_opt.jpg)
![Figure 4. Different microarray methods for SNP genotyping. A. Allele discrimination via hybridization. B. Array primer extension (APEX) assay. C. Illumina’s Infinium assay [2].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02010/images/figure4_opt.jpg)
![Figure 1. Flow chart of HAP coating preparation by a sol–gel process [26].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure1_opt.jpg)
![Figure 2. FESEM micrographs of multilayer films: a) SnO2-TiO2-SiO2, b) Ta2O5-TiO2-SiO2, c) ATO-TiO2-SiO2, d) ITO-TiO2-SiO2[43].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure2_opt.jpg)
![Figure 3. Immersion test of AA7075-T6 uncoated, coated by hybrid silica GTS-D-R and by silica-Ce GTS-Ce-D-R in 0.1M NaCl at 25℃ [41].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure3_opt.jpg)
![Figure 4. a) Optical image of dried gel and, b) SEM image of carbon nanotube/alumina composite [82].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure4_opt.jpg)
![Figure 5. SEM images of a) surface and, b) cross section of Nb2O5-SE layer on YSZ [88].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure5_opt.jpg)
![Figure 6. SEM images of a) uncoated carbon fibers (CF), b) SiO2 coated CF; c) SiC/SiO2 coated CF; and, d) cross-section of coated CF [90].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure6_opt.jpg)
![Figure 7. SEM images of a) coarse, b) medium, c) fine 45S5 bioactive glass powders and d) a higher magnification showing nonporous surfaces of melt-derived powders [94].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure7_opt.jpg)
![Figure 8. SEM images of a) coarse, b) medium, c) fine 58S bioactive glass powders and d) a higher magnification showing the porous nature of the sol‐gel–derived powder [94].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure8_opt.jpg)
![Figure 9. SEM image of alumina and silicon carbide abrasive particles in different working times [102].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02008/images/figure9_opt.jpg)
![Figure 1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography images of: (a) pristine, (b) DMF-treated, (c) MeOH-treated, and (d) EG-treated PEDOT:PSS. The RMS roughness values are 1.98, 0.76, 1.32 and 2.53 nm, respectively. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure1_opt.jpg)
![Figure 3 . a) Contact angle of pristine PEDOT:PSS, GO-PEDOT, G-PEDOT, and GGO-PEDOT on ITO, b) contact angle of perovskite precursor drops on nanocomposite substrates, and c) SEM of PSK layer deposited on different nanocomposite substrates. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure3_opt.jpg)
![Figure 4 . Roughness, thickness and sheet resistance of AgOTf-doped GO layers as a function of doping concentration. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure4_opt.jpg)
![Figure 5 . SEM images of (a) PEDOT:PSS film, (b) PEDOT:PSS-GeO 2 (4:1) film, crystalline PSK films deposited on (c) PEDOT:PSS, and (d) PEDOT:PSS-GeO 2 , XRD patters of crystalline PSK films deposited on (e) PEDOT:PSS and (f) PEDOT:PSS-GeO 2 . Reproduced with permission from Ref. [57]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure5_opt.jpg)
![Figure 6 . AFM topography images of PEDOT:PSS films doped at different concentrations of PEO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure6_opt.jpg)
![Figure 7 . (a) Electrical conductivities of the PEO-doped PEDOT:PSS layer and PCEs of PSCs versus doping concentrations of PEO in the layer; (b) J-V characteristics of PSCs incorporated with the pristine and PEO-doped PEDOT:PSS HTL at different thickness. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure7_opt.jpg)
![Figure 8. SEM images of PSK films deposited on (a) pristine and (b) 20% NPs doped PEDOT:PSS layers, and (c, d) their corresponding AFM images. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure8_opt.jpg)
![Figure 9 . Energy level diagram of the cell with (a) F4-TCNQ doped, (b) DA, and (c) SOHEL doped PEDOT:PSS HTLs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [ 64 , 65 , 32 ]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure9_opt.jpg)
![Figure 10 . (a) Molecular structure of HSL1 and HSL2, (b) energy level diagrams of PSCs using HSL1 and HSL2 as HTLs, isopropanol contact angle measurements of (c) PEDOT:PSS, (d) HSL1, (e) HSL2, and (f) PSK film. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [16]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure10_opt.jpg)
![Figure 11 . SEM images of PSK films on (a) PEDOT:PSS, (b) PEDOT:PSS-GO, (c) PEDOT:PSS-GO:NH 3 and (d) UV-vis absorption spectra of PSK films on three different substrates. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure11_opt.jpg)
![Figure 12 . SEM images of perylene films deposited on PEDOT:PSS from varied concentrations of (a) 2 mg/mL, (b) 3 mg/mL, (c) 4 mg/ mL, and (d) 5 mg/mL in chloroform; (e-h) SEM images of PSK films deposited on the perylene under layers corresponding to (a-d). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure12_opt.jpg)
![Figure 13 . Incident light power dependent photocurrent of the perovskite solar cells with (a) PEDOT-L and (b) PEDOT-H at two different effective applied voltages. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [76]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure13_opt.jpg)
![Figure 14 . TPV measurements for PSCs using PEDOT:PSS (pristine), HSL1 and HSL2 HTLs; (b) J-V curve of PSCs using different polymer interlayers; (c) schematic illustration of the energy levels of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite, PC 60 BM ‘electron affinity’ and ionization potential of different polymer interlayers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [ 16 , 67 ]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure14_opt.jpg)
![Figure 15 . SEM images of perovskite films coated on top of (a) Glass/ITO; (b) PEDOT:PSS; PEDOT:PSS processed with (c) 5% v/v DMSO, (d) 0.7% v/v Zonyl FS-300, (e) 0.7% v/v Zonyl, FS-300 and 2.5% v/v DMSO, (f) 0.7% v/v Zonyl and 5% v/v DMSO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02004/images/figure15_opt.jpg)
![Figure 1. Main top-down approaches for NPG synthesis. (a) Electron beam irradiation [33]. (b) Block copolymer lithography [18]. (c) Nanosphere lithography [43]. (d) Nanoimprint lithography [45].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure1_opt.jpg)
![Figure 2. Synthesis of NPG by BG-CVD method. (a) Schematic description of the BG-CVD process. (b) SEM of aluminum oxide nanodot array on Cu. (c) As-synthesized NPG on Cu [52].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure2_opt.jpg)
![Figure 3. Typical experiment [19] and MD simulation [77] setup and results for the DNA sequencing by graphene nanopore. (a) and (e) are schematic descriptions of the experimental setup and simulation model. (b) TEM image of the graphene nanopore. (c) Time trace of events for nanopore device. (d) Histogram of blocked currents during the translocation of DNA. (f) Ionic currents for poly(A-T)20 and poly(G-C)20 duplex measured at different bias voltages.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure3_opt.jpg)
![Figure 4. Simulation [100] and experimental [105] studies of gas separation by NPGs. (a) Simulation model for the CO2/N2 separation. (b) Gas permeation through the NPG at an initial pressure of 10 atm. (c) Permeate flux of CO2 and N2 as a function of feed pressure. (d-g) Measurement system of gas separation by NPG membrane, where the H2 is represented as red circles, air molecules are denoted as green circles.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure4_opt.jpg)
![Figure 5. Water desalination by NPGs [24]. (a) Hydrogenated and (b) hydroxylated graphene pores, and (c) side view of MD model. (d) Comparison of the performance of salt rejection and water permeability for functionalized NPG with existing technologies.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure5_opt.jpg)
![Figure 6. Applications of NPGs in LIBs batteries [114] and supercapacitors [125]. (a) Schematic structure of a functionalized graphene with (b) an ideal bimodal porous structure. (c) The discharge curve of a Li-O2 cell. (d) Illustration of the process for prepartation of NPG-PANI composites. (e) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves and (f) Ragone plot for NPGs–PANI based supercapacitor.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02003/images/figure6_opt.jpg)
![Figure 1. Repeat unit of PIM-1 [4].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure1_opt.jpg)
![Figure 5. Chemical structures of (a) Monomer A: 5, 5, 6, 6-tetrahydroxy-3, 3, 3, 3-tetramethylspirobisindane and (b) Monomer B: 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile of PIM-1 [4].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure5_opt.jpg)
![Figure 6. Structures of SBI-centered PIMs: (a) PIM-7, (b) PIM-SBI and (c) PIM-TMN-SBF for gas separations with gas separation performance shown in Table 2 [21, 22]. Note that those PIMs contain SBI units and rings are fused together, prohibiting the rotation of polymer chains.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure6_opt.jpg)
![Figure 7. Chemical structures of two TB-based PIMs membranes (a) TB-PIM and (b) 1, 5-diaminonaphathelen (DAN)/4, 4-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene) dianiline (HFD) PIM [26, 29]. Some of other TB-based PIMs, including PIM-EA-TB, PIM-SBI-TB, PIM-Trip-TB, and PIM-2,2-bis (3-methyl-4-aminophenyl) adamantine (Ad-Me) are shown in Table 1.](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure7_opt.jpg)
![Figure 9. Schematic showing the structure of a hollow fiber membrane consisting of a selective skin layer in the outermost layer of the fiber and an open porous substructure underneath the skin [113].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure9_opt.jpg)
![Figure 10. Time dependence of (a) O2 permeability of and (b) O2/N2 selectivity of PIM-1 film [101].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure10_opt.jpg)
![Figure 11. Penetrant permeability of PIM-1 as a function of pressure at 25 oC [105].](/files/journal/pnrs/2018/02002/images/figure11_opt.jpg)
